| Individual symptoms
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| | megakaryoblastic form of acute
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| Appearance
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| | myelogenous leukemia is at least 50 times
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| Individuals with Down syndrome typically
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| | more common in DS. Transient leukemia is
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| have a collection of characteristic
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| | a form of leukemia which is rare in
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| facial and body features. Among the
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| | individuals without DS but affects up to
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| facial features are an excess of skin on
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| | 20 percent of newborns with DS. This form
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| the nasal portion of the eyelids
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| | of leukemia is typically benign and
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| (epicanthal folds), a flattening of part
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| | resolves on its own over several months,
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| of the nose between the eyes (nasal
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| | though it can lead to other serious
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| bridge), an upward slant to the openings
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| | illnesses. In contrast to hematologic
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| of their eyelids (palpebral fissures),
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| | malignancies, solid tumor malignancies
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| and small or malformed ears. Within the
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| | are less common in DS, possibly due to
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| mouth, crowding of the teeth, in part due
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| | increased numbers of tumor suppressor
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| to a narrow palate, is common. The tongue
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| | genes contained in the extra genetic
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| is also often enlarged and may protrude
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| | material.
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| from the mouth. This collection of
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| | Gastrointestinal and growth
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| physical features may be referred to as
| |
| | Down syndrome increases the risk of
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| Down's facies. Other features include a
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| | Hirschsprung's disease, in which the
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| single crease across the palms of the
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| | nerve cells that control the function of
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| hands and a short neck with redundant
| |
| | parts of the colon are not present. This
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| skin along the nape. There is often an
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| | results in severe constipation. Other
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| accentuated gap between the first and
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| | congenital anomalies occurring more
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| second toes and inward curvature of the
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| | frequently in DS include duodenal
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| fifth finger.
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| | atresia, annular pancreas, and
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| Cardiovascular
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| | imperforate anus. Gastroesophageal reflux
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| Individuals born with Down Syndrome have
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| | disease and celiac disease are also more
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| an 44% chance of a heart defect.[2]
| |
| | common among people with DS.
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| Almost half of these individuals have an
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| | Growth parameters such as height, weight,
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| atrioventricular septal defect (also
| |
| | and head circumference are smaller in
|
| known as endocardial cushion defect), a
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| | children with DS than with individuals of
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| serious condition in which there are
| |
| | the same age. Adults with DS tend to have
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| inappropriate connections between the
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| | short stature — the average height for
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| upper and lower portions of the heart
| |
| | men is 5 feet 1 inch (157 cm) and for
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| (atrium and ventricle). A third of
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| | women is four feet 9 inches (144 cm).
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| children have inappropriate connections
| |
| | Individuals with DS are also at increased
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| between the two lower chambers
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| | risk for obesity as they age.
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| (ventricular septal defect). Less common
| |
| | Neurology
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| defects include a connection between the
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| | The neurologic consequences of DS
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| two upper chambers of the heart (atrial
| |
| | manifest early in life. Infants with Down
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| septal defect), a connection between the
| |
| | Syndrome have a decreased muscle tone and
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| two major blood vessels from the heart,
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| | are more flexible. Mental retardation
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| and a collection of malformations known
| |
| | becomes apparent as individuals with DS
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| as tetralogy of Fallot. As individuals
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| | grow and develop — sitting, walking,
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| with DS age, they can develop problems
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| | and talking are typically delayed.
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| with leaky heart valves.[3]
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| | Children and adults with DS are at
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| Endocrinology and hematology
| |
| | increased risk for developing epilepsy.As
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| Individuals with DS are at increased risk
| |
| | adults age, the risk for Alzheimer's
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| for dysfunction of the thyroid gland, an
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| | disease increases, with more than half of
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| organ which helps control metabolism. Low
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| | individuals with DS older than 50
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| thyroid (hypothyroidism) is most common,
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| | developing Alzheimer's disease.
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| occurring in almost a third of those with
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| | Ophthalmology and otolaryngology
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| DS. This can be due to absence of the
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| | Eye disorders are more common in people
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| thyroid at birth (congenital
| |
| | with DS. Almost half have strabismus, in
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| hypothyroidism) or due to attack on the
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| | which the two eyes do not move in tandem.
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| thyroid by the immune system.[4]
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| | Refractive errors requiring glasses or
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| Reproduction is also affected by DS.
| |
| | contacts are also common. Cataracts
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| Women with DS are less fertile and often
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| | (opacity of the lens) and glaucoma
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| have difficulties with miscarriage,
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| | (increased eye pressures) are also more
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| premature birth, and difficult labor.
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| | common in DS.
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| However, women with DS are capable of
| |
| | Hearing loss affects more than half of
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| having children without the extra
| |
| | individuals with DS. Frequent infections
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| chromosome 21 of DS. Men with DS are
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| | of the middle ear (otitis media) and
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| almost uniformly infertile, exhibiting
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| | obstructive sleep apnea are also more
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| defects in spermatogenesis.
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| | common DS. Instability of the
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| Hematologic malignancies such as leukemia
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| | atlanto-axial joint occurs in ~15% of
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| are more common in children with DS. In
| |
| | people with DS and may lead to the
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| particular, the risk for acute
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| | neurologic symptoms of spinal cord
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| lymphoblastic leukemia is at least 10
| |
| | compression.
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| times more common in DS and for the
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| |
|
